{"id":1286,"date":"2016-07-07T14:24:25","date_gmt":"2016-07-07T14:24:25","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.mark3d.de\/?p=1286"},"modified":"2017-09-06T19:58:39","modified_gmt":"2017-09-06T19:58:39","slug":"3d-druck-mit-isotropischer-faserausrichtung","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.mark3d.com\/de\/tipps-zu-technik-und-design\/3d-druck-mit-isotropischer-faserausrichtung\/","title":{"rendered":"Teil 1: 3D Druck mit Isotropischer Faserausrichtung"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Update: If you are interested in learning more about how different fills\u00a0can strengthen your part in various ways and the science behind it,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/attendee.gotowebinar.com\/register\/2978876441905140482\" target=\"_blank\">join us on June 21 at 11am EDT for a webinar (Register here)!<\/a><\/h2>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><i>Writer\u2019s Note: This is the first of a two part post about using Eiger\u2019s Isotropic Fiber fill pattern to make extremely strong parts with a Mark Two. \u00a0In this post, we\u2019re going to review how to approximate the high strength lay-up patterns of traditional composites with a Markforged printer. \u00a0In the follow-up post, we\u2019ll tackle how to use these strategies for maximum strength in your reinforced parts.\u00a0We\u2019re going to get a bit more technical in this post\u00a0than we typically do in our blog, but we\u2019ll take it slow through the terminology (we\u2019ve included a short Composites Terminology Glossary), and we think you\u2019ll appreciate a more in-depth understanding about how to design effectively for composite-reinforced, high strength 3D printing.<\/i><\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><i>A Composites Background<\/i><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Markforged\u2019s continuous strand composite 3D printers enable our customers to create industrial strength 3D printed parts, reinforced with composite fibers to produce properties similar to quasi-isotropic composite laminates, in a highly automated 3D printing system. Quasi-isotropic 3D printed parts have varying material characteristics along different axes, and by varying the fiber orientation in our Eiger slicing software, you can design strong parts to resist specific loading applications to which the part may be exposed.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1296\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mark3d.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/07\/chainbreak-1.gif\" alt=\"chainbreak-1\" width=\"669\" height=\"540\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><i>A carbon fiber-reinforced chain link, finally failing at over 22,000 pounds of force<\/i><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">High strength isotropic material* properties make engineering part design easy \u2013 if a material has the same properties in all directions, then making a part that is strong enough for an intended application is nothing more than a matter of geometry. In the case that material properties\u00a0<i>will<\/i>\u00a0differ across different axes (as is the case in 3D printing), a quasi-isotropic* material is the next best option, since there is a strength difference along only one axis that must be taken into account and it will require much less time and design work to optimize for part strength than with a completely anisotropic* material. See the common terminology for composite material property orientation below for a deeper discussion of variations in material properties. Note that for convenience, and with the understanding that all 3D printed parts will have differing material properties in the Z direction (the axis normal to the printbed plane), Markforged has dropped the \u2018quasi-\u2018 from quasi-isotropic in describing our \u2018Isotropic Fiber\u2019 fill type.<\/p>\n<p><i>*Composite Terminology Glossary<\/i><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Isotropic materials<\/b>\u00a0\u2014 have uniform material properties in all directions, regardless of material or observation orientation. Most (but not all) metals tend to have highly isotropic properties.<\/li>\n<li><b>Anisotropy<\/b>\u00a0\u2014 an overall state of having directionally dependent properties. A material characterized as anisotropic doesn\u2019t demonstrate the property of being isotropic, but such a general classification doesn\u2019t offer any information on how or along what axes the material is directionally dependent. The\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/markforged.com\/mmf-living-hinges-3d-printed-part\/\">living hinge<\/a>\u00a0part we demonstrated previously is a great example, since it contains flexural elements, as well as stiffer, Kevlar-reinforced regions.<\/li>\n<li><b>Orthotropic materials<\/b>\u00a0\u2014 such as wood, demonstrate properties which differ along three mutually-orthogonal (at 90 degree angles to each other) axes. Wood offers a good example because it has a tendency to split easily along grain lines, but is difficult to cut or split in other directions.<\/li>\n<li><b>Quasi-isotropic materials<\/b>\u00a0\u2014 often approximate or are isotropic materials in two axes, but have differing properties in a third direction. This is an accurate general description of Markforged 3D printed parts which include the \u2018Isotropic Fiber\u2019 reinforcement pattern, mostly without regard to the values used in the \u2018Fiber Angles\u2019 property described below.<\/li>\n<li><b>Transverse isotropic materials<\/b>\u00a0\u2014 are a subset of quasi-isotropic materials, and refer specifically to materials in which isotropy occurs in the transverse plane of a part (think uniform properties in each layer \u2014 the XY plane \u2014 of a 3D printed part), with differing material properties along a single axis (the Z axis in a 3D printed part). With a Markforged 3D printer, this is very closely approximated while using the Isotropic Fiber fill pattern and the default \u2018Fiber Angles\u2019 values described below.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Traditional thermoset composites (most consumer uses of carbon fiber employ this type of composite) are made from dozens to thousands of stacked layers of unidirectional composite material (often in the form of woven cloth or unidirectional tape) oriented in a pattern of different directions; composite designers employ a nomenclature structure in the form of an \u2018orientation code\u2019 to provide a simplified way of describing these repeating patterns. Each successive layer is generally rotated by some angle (often 45 degrees) relative to the layer below, and since the composite fibers making up the woven cloth in each layer are strongest in their tensile direction, rotating the cloth each layer produces a part with a much higher multi-directional bulk strength and stiffness than if the cloth had been laid up in the same direction on each layer.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1295\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mark3d.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/07\/image-12.png\" alt=\"image-12\" width=\"500\" height=\"324\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.mark3d.com\/de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/07\/image-12-200x130.png 200w, https:\/\/www.mark3d.com\/de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/07\/image-12-300x194.png 300w, https:\/\/www.mark3d.com\/de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/07\/image-12-400x259.png 400w, https:\/\/www.mark3d.com\/de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/07\/image-12.png 500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><i>Example carbon fiber layup composition \u2013 note the different angular fiber orientations in each layer (source:\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.carbonfibergear.com\/apple-files-patent-for-carbon-fiber-usefor-what-device\/\">Carbon Fiber Gear<\/a>)<\/i><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">A great primer on composite orientation codes can be found in this\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.usna.edu\/Users\/mecheng\/pjoyce\/composites\/Short_Course_2003\/7_PAX_Short_Course_Laminate-Orientation-Code.pdf\">presentation from the US Naval Academy<\/a>. A traditional orientation code is described by a series of angles bookended by square brackets and separated by forward slashes, to denote the various angles used in a particular composite layup strategy. For example, Eiger\u2019s default Isotropic Fiber fill pattern uses an orientation code of <div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-1 hundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-overflow:visible;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-0 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last fusion-column-no-min-height\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-margin-bottom:0px;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\">[0\/45\/90\/135], meaning that the first layer of fiber reinforcement is printed in a unidirectional pattern at an angle of 0 degrees from the horizontal. The second layer of fiber is rotated 45 degrees away from the horizontal, and this sequence continues until the code is completed, at which point the pattern restarts from the horizontal. Eiger also offers our customers the ability to develop completely custom orientation codes of their own, of any repeating length. Of note is that the while each individual layer contains a high degree of anisotropy, with much higher strength in the direction along the length of the individual composite fibers, the addition of multiple layers of composite with rotating direction quickly adds strength in multiple directions, resulting in a part which is isotropic as a bulk entity.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1294\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mark3d.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/07\/image-13-500x333.png\" alt=\"image-13-500x333\" width=\"500\" height=\"333\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.mark3d.com\/de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/07\/image-13-500x333-200x133.png 200w, https:\/\/www.mark3d.com\/de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/07\/image-13-500x333-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/www.mark3d.com\/de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/07\/image-13-500x333-400x266.png 400w, https:\/\/www.mark3d.com\/de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/07\/image-13-500x333.png 500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><i>Unidirectional carbon fiber tape (as opposed to woven carbon fiber) produces the highest strength single direction composites (source:\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.easycomposites.co.uk\/#!\/fabric-and-reinforcement\/carbon-fibre-reinforcement\/carbon-fibre-tape\/unidirectional-carbon-fibre-tape-none-crimp-600g.html\">Easy Composites<\/a>)<\/i><\/p>\n<h3><i>Improved Capabilities<\/i><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/markforged.com\/mark-two\/\">Mark Two<\/a>\u00a03D printer was designed to robustly produce high strength fiber-reinforced parts with 15x smaller geometries than the Mark One, but our upgraded software algorithms also give it significantly improved capabilities to create reinforced parts with high strength quasi-isotropic properties using our \u2018Isotropic Fiber\u2019 fill type.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1293\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mark3d.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/07\/image-14.png\" alt=\"image-14\" width=\"273\" height=\"425\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.mark3d.com\/de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/07\/image-14-193x300.png 193w, https:\/\/www.mark3d.com\/de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/07\/image-14-200x311.png 200w, https:\/\/www.mark3d.com\/de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/07\/image-14.png 273w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 273px) 100vw, 273px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><i>Carbon fiber Isotropic fill is extremely robust and fully supported by the Mark Two\u2019s precision fiber extruder<\/i><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">You will note in the image above, from the external \u2018Part View\u2019 fiber configuration panel in Eiger, that there is an input box for \u2018Fiber Angles\u2019. This is a representation of the orientation code mentioned above and is one way to quickly control the high-level bulk material properties of a fiber-reinforced part in Eiger. The default [0\/45\/90\/135] code that Eiger uses will produce a transversely isotropic part (see the terminology box above) if you reinforce every layer of the part with the Isotropic Fiber fill. To input an orientation code in Eiger, simply type the angles of the various fiber orientations that you would like in your pattern into the \u2018Fiber Angle\u2019 box, separated by commas as in the image above.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The improved fiber routing algorithms also enable the Mark Two to print Isotropic Fiber fill using Markforged\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/markforged.com\/materials\/\">carbon fiber filament<\/a>\u00a0as well as our new\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/markforged.com\/introducing-markforged-high-temperature-materials\/\">High Strength, High Temperature (HSHT) Fiberglass<\/a>\u00a0filament \u2014 options that were not available with the Mark One due to technical limitations. The algorithm itself has been updated from its Mark One counterpart \u2014 if you use Eiger\u2019s 2D Internal View to view a layer with Isotropic Fiber fill sliced for the Mark Two, you will notice that the new algorithm enables a hybrid fill type, with concentric rings on the outside of the part and isotropic fill at the specified orientation angle filling in the internal area of the part. This produces a part with an improved external surface finish, while maintaining high overall strength and stiffness internally. \u00a0Using this strategy, the absolute strongest parts can be\u00a0achieved through carbon fiber 3D printing.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1292\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mark3d.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/07\/Iso-Fiber-Angles.gif\" alt=\"Iso-Fiber-Angles\" width=\"960\" height=\"540\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><i>Notice as the angular fiber orientation rotates by 45 degrees every layer<\/i><\/p>\n<h3><i>Finer control for the strongest parts<\/i><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The External View fiber parameters are good for fast reinforcement, but if you need more control over the strength of your parts, you can also edit the orientation codes of specific layer groups in the 3D Internal View of a part in Eiger. To start, select a part from your Eiger library, and enter the Internal View, which brings you to the 3D view by default.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1291\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mark3d.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/07\/External-to-Internal-View.gif\" alt=\"External-to-Internal-View\" width=\"960\" height=\"540\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><i>Opening the internal view<\/i><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1290\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mark3d.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/07\/2D-to-3D.gif\" alt=\"2D-to-3D\" width=\"960\" height=\"540\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><i>Changing from 2D to 3D Internal View<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Once inside the Internal 3D View, select a pre-existing fiber layer group in the layer bar by clicking on it.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1289\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mark3d.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/07\/Changing-Layer-Groups.gif\" alt=\"Changing-Layer-Groups\" width=\"960\" height=\"540\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><i>Selecting a pre-existing layer group<\/i><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">To create a new group, click on the layer bar at the start or end point of your desired group and hold down the mouse button while dragging across the layers you want in the group. Then simply click \u2018Apply Changes\u2019 in the upper right layer control box to create the new group.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1288\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mark3d.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/07\/Creating-a-Layer-Group.gif\" alt=\"Creating-a-Layer-Group\" width=\"960\" height=\"540\" \/><\/p>\n<p><i>Creating a new layer group<\/i><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">If you aren\u2019t satisfied with the layers you chose for the group, you can always drag the triangular layer group delimiters to resize the layer. Once you\u2019ve selected a defined layer group that is configured to use Isotropic Fiber fill, you will notice that the \u2018Fiber Angles\u2019 field seen in the external Part View is also visible in the layer control box in the upper right. This parameter allows you the same level of control over fiber orientation codes that you had in the external Part View, except that rather than applying the orientation code globally across all fiber in the entire part, the Fiber Angles field in the 3D Internal View editor will allow you to modify the orientation code for just the selected layer group alone. This gives you the control to tailor high strength fiber placement to the specific geometry of your part.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1287\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mark3d.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/07\/Changing-Fiber-Angles-3D.gif\" alt=\"Changing-Fiber-Angles-3D\" width=\"960\" height=\"540\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><i>Changing the Fiber Angles in a layer<\/i><\/p>\n<p>And that\u2019s pretty much it \u2013 Eiger makes it incredibly simple to quickly configure the different layers of fiber reinforcement in a part!<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/markforged.com\/high-strength-3d-printing-how-to-use-isotropic-fill-part-2\/\">Read\u00a0Part 2 of this post here<\/a>\u00a0\u2013 we\u2019ll walk you through the best strategies for optimizing\u00a0<em>where<\/em>\u00a0you should put fiber\u00a0reinforcement in order to maximize part strength\u00a0for most effective fiber usage!<\/p>\n<p>Interested in learning more?\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/markforged.com\/mark-two-demo\" target=\"_blank\">Request a Demo<\/a>\u00a0of the Mark Two today!<div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Update: If you are interested in learning more about how different fills\u00a0can strengthen your part in various ways and the science behind it,\u00a0join us on June 21 at 11am EDT for a webinar (Register here)! Writer\u2019s Note: This is the first of a two part post about using Eiger\u2019s Isotropic Fiber fill pattern to make  [&#8230;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1297,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[61],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1286","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-tipps-zu-technik-und-design"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.0 (Yoast SEO v27.0) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Teil 1: 3D Druck mit Isotropischer Faserausrichtung - Mark3D - Markforged 3D-Drucker<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mark3d.com\/de\/tipps-zu-technik-und-design\/3d-druck-mit-isotropischer-faserausrichtung\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"de_DE\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Teil 1: 3D Druck mit Isotropischer Faserausrichtung\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Update: If you are interested in learning more about how different fills\u00a0can strengthen your part in various ways and the science behind it,\u00a0join us on June 21 at 11am EDT for a webinar (Register here)! 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